10 Starting Duoplasmatron source

This chapter covers the operating principle and startup procedure of the Duoplasmatron primary ion source (producing O₂⁺, O⁻, O₂⁻ ions) from the IMS 7f-Auto Tuning software:

• 10.1 Principle of the Duoplasmatron source: Gas discharge ionization mechanism, expansion cup, anode/cathode geometry, and extraction optics.
• 10.2 Starting Duoplasmatron source from tuning soft: Gas flow adjustment, filament heating, arc current stabilization, and beam extraction controls.